Visas
FAMILY-SPONSORED PREFERENCES
First: Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400 plus any numbers not required for fourth preference.
Second: Spouses and Children, and Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Permanent Residents: 114,200, plus the number (if any) by which the worldwide family preference level exceeds 226,000, and any unused first preference numbers:
A. Spouses and Children: 77% of the overall second preference limitation, of which 75% are exempt from the per-country limit;
B. Unmarried Sons and Daughters (21 years of age or older): 23% of the overall second preference limitation.
Third: Married Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400, plus any numbers not required by first and second preferences.
YOUR VISA Category depends on YOUR Age, YOUR Marital Status and DAD'S STATUS in the U.S. [LPR vs. USC]
Look at the Visa Bulletin for your country and category and WAIT for your Priority Date to become current. Your Priority date is the Filing Date of the I-130 dad files for you. Let's assume it will be December 15, 2010, by the time you get all the evidence, translations and the fee together and mail it to USCIS Chicago Lockbox for processing.
Right now, Dad is a LPR and you are over 21 and we will assume unmarried. That makes you FB-2B, current "all country" date is: June 1, 2005
If Dad naturalizes, then you become FB-1, current date is: Feb 15, 2006
If after Dad naturalizes, you marry, you become FB-3 (your alien spouse and children can come with you), current date is: June 1, 2002.
Now it is a matter of "wait and see" for YOUR Priority Date to become "current" in your "category" for your "country".
Your date becomes "current" when that date is BEFORE the one shown in the current Visa Bulletin.
You made a point of saying that you are in the U.S. It really doesn't matter because, there is NO WAY that you will be able to remain in a valid nonimmigrant status long enough to be eligible to file for adjustment of status. Make sure that you do not build up UNLAWFUL PRESENCE in the U.S. by overstaying your visa. After building up unlawful presence then leaving the U.S., you would invoke bars to re-entering for either 3 years or 10 years because of unlawful presence. Falling out of status leaves you ineligible to file for adjustment EXCEPT as the Immediate Relative of a USC, in your case it could only be as the SPOUSE of a USC or you'd have to have a kid and wait for him to be 21 years old to file for you. Contrary to popular crap in the press and blogs "anchor babies" don't exist.
