Your departure without advance permission has the effect of USCIS and the IJ deeming your application abandonded. To counteract this you must rely on Discretionary Authority of the nearest Overseas USCIS Office Director to grant your I-131 filed with them abroad IF you can meet the evidentiary requirements AND your travel was NOT to the country of alleged persecution. An entry on your B-2 would probably be denied and even if allowed back in on a B-2 you would face further legal hurdles with the asylum claim.
8 CFR § 208.8 Limitations on travel outside the United States.
(a) An applicant who leaves the United States without first obtaining advance parole under §212.5(f) of this chapter shall be presumed to have abandoned his or her application under this section.
(b) An applicant who leaves the United States pursuant to advance parole under §212.5(f) of this chapter and returns to the country of claimed persecution shall be presumed to have abandoned his or her application, unless the applicant is able to establish compelling reasons for such return.
8 CFR § 223.2 Processing.
(2) Refugee travel document —
(b) Eligibility —
(ii) Discretionary authority to adjudicate an application from an alien not within the United States. As a matter of discretion, a district director having jurisdiction over a port-of-entry or a preinspection station where an alien is an applicant for admission, or an overseas district director having jurisdiction over the place where an alien is physically present, may accept and adjudicate an application for a refugee travel document from an alien who previously had been admitted to the United States as a refugee, or who previously had been granted asylum status in the United States, and who had departed from the United States without having applied for such refugee travel document, provided:
(A) The alien submits a Form I–131, Application for Travel Document, with the fee required under §103.7(b)(1) of this chapter;
(B) The district director is satisfied that the alien did not intend to abandon his or her refugee status at the time of departure from the United States;
(C) The alien did not engage in any activities while outside the United States that would be inconsistent with continued refugee or asylee status; and
(D) The alien has been outside the United States for less than 1 year since his or her last departure.
8 CFR § 223.3 Validity and effect on admissibility.
(a) Validity
(2) Refugee travel document. A refugee travel document shall be valid for 1 year, or to the date the refugee or asylee status expires, whichever comes first.
(b) Invalidation. A document issued under this part is invalid if obtained through material false representation or concealment, or if the person is ordered excluded or deported. A refugee travel document is also invalid if the United Nations Convention of July 28, 1951, ceases to apply or does not apply to the person as provided in Article 1C, D, E, or F of the convention.
