There are two types of RFID chips - vicinity and proximity. Passport card has the vicinity chip whilst the passport book has the proximity one. The passport card is supposed to be read from metres away. Having said that, I cannot claim that the proximity chips cannot be read metres away because I don't have sufficient knowledge (I am an RFIC analogue engineer myself but I don't deal with antennae and EM wave propagation). However, the passport books were designed in such a way that they can be read only up to 10 cm away and only while being fully open.I read somewhere that tests conducted showed that the RFID chip could be read from metres away, not just centimetres. I keep my passport rubberbanded at all times as it doesn't stay closed on its own.