Yes.
Before your oath, get your pictures taken, get the checks ready (one for the state department, one for the post office (you can use a credit card for the latter)) and fill in the form, but don't sign it. The easiest way to fill in the form is to go to
http://travel.state.gov and fill it in electronically and then print it - it checks some of your entries and can prevent common errors.
Again, before your oath, find a post office that accepts passport applications (
http://www.usps.com). Go talk to them to make sure you are not forgetting anything. If your oath is late in the day, consider checking to see if there is a post office at your local airport - they may have extended hours (the post office at DFW, for example, accepts passports until the early evening).
Then, once you take the oath, stop and copy your naturalization certificate and then go directly to the post office and stand in line.
If you submit it expedited, you should get it back in 10 days to 2 weeks. The passport office demanded additional information for my daughters PP (our marriage certificate - I'm not sure why) and we still got the passport in well less than 3 weeks. Both my wife and I got less than 2 week turn around.